I think there not a single number like 1.8 or 1.9 or 2.0V can answer the question. It depends on many factors and situations:
- It depends on a particular chip, chips behave differently 20-30% above nominal voltage (1.5 V). The leakage current of the transistors, heat, the transistors speed distribution and timing delay of the slowest logic circuit paths, ... will determine the max stable voltage and max clock frequency
- It also depends on whether one want to fully experiment with the chip (ok if the chip dies in a month), or want to keep it for 6-12-24 months, ...
- It depends on the overclocking characteristic of the chip at high voltage, i.e. how much frequency gain (MHz) per voltage increase, ..., since every chip slows down due to heat increase at some point, with certain statistical distribution, difficult to predict for a given chip before actual experiment.
- Practically there is no meaning to increase voltage if a chip does not gain in speed. Chips show a diminishing return (on frequency) when it is overclocked to around 10 MHz/C (for Tbred B and Barton).
- Max meaningful voltage and max frequency depend on the type of HSF, the type of cooling used. Poor HSF will slow down the chip (diminishing return as described above) at a lower voltage due to heat and temperature.
- Extreme cooling can let the chips ride to higher voltage and frequency, until hitting the max limit of the chip due to other constraints such as internal heat dissipation, hot spot, leakage current, gate oxide electric field, IR drop, ...
Having said that, for a given CPU, you can generate and plot its overclocking characteristic on voltage, frequency, temperature, ..., from which a better picture of its overclocking behavior, max meaning voltage, limitations and ways to improve can be seen.
Some more details and basics about them can be found in these links:
Relationship of clock, die temperature and Vcore (update)
- What is the active power of a CPU at frequency f and voltage V
- How to estimate CPU static and active power
- Effect of die temperature on CPU clock frequency at a given Vcore
(page 13)
Some numbers to determine max CPU overclocking frequency - Vcore vs temperature,
When do the CPU's slow down? (page 13)
Explanation (page 13)
Max Vcore for Tbred B and Barton (page 5)
How much voltage can be applied to a CPU (page 5)
Overclocking characteristic (voltage, frequency, power, current, temperature) of a Tbred B 1700+ DLT3C with different coolings (C/W) (page 14)