Many newer video cards have temp sensors & thats how you can find out the temp of a video card. The 9800XT, 6600GT, 6800 series, & the x800/x850 have temp sensors (correct me if I'm wrong about the last two) have them. I'm sure there are others with them too. The manufacturers have published limits for the cards. Thats how you know whats too hot. IIRC its around 100°C for most video cards. Its a good idea to keep your GPU as cool as possible of course.
EDIT: Yeah I forgot to add, artifacting can be caused by too much heat or too high of an overclock combined with heat or too little core voltage for the video chip.