This article from Flexense measured the performance of the same SSD (Samsung 850 PRO 512 GB SSD) connected via USB3 and SATA3. Surprisingly the SATA3 performance is noticeably better in the benchmarks used.
https://www.flexense.com/usb3_vs_sata_disk_performance_comparison.html
https://www.flexense.com/usb3_vs_sata_disk_performance_comparison.html