The most damage that can happen is a loss of an equal amount of data on the other drive. This would be a likely occurence in the condition such as a power interruption, where the write process may be interrupted mid-stride.
Data loss is often listed arbitrarily as 100% with RAID 0 because it is virtually impossible to recover the data from one half of a mirror when the other half is totally destroyed (unless you spend $$$ for a service like Ontrack). Total destruction is not likely though, unless you deliberately smash one half of your array with a baseball bat. In most cases, you'll have all of one drive intact, and 99% of the other one intact, meaning that 98% of your data will still be recoverable, in theory.
100% is an incorrect number technically, but realistically it will hold true for most people who don't keep backups religiously or aren't keen on spending the money on a custom recovery job.