Yeah, all older CD-ROM drives will work as CD players without being connected to a computer, you can either use the headphone jack or the 4-pin analog output on the back. Just run that to the auxiliary input on the head unit, or through an FM transmitter or something if the radio doesn't have an input. I'm not sure if newer drives have the necessary circuitry... most of 'em now lack the headphone connection, and more frequently I'm seeing drives that lack the analog output on the back as well.
The bigger problem is that the drives need 12V and 5V, while the electrical system in a car is ~13.5V. You'd have to find a way to adapt the power to work.