It would be possible, but I think your dealing with two kinds of temperatures. One inside the case and the temperature of the CPU Cores. Since you could only go off of the core temperatures for your CPU, you would have to tap those temps from the Motherboard. In that case a lot of the newer motherboards use PWM to control their fan circuits, especially the higher end ones.
The problem (you will find out if you read my whole thread) is with the stepping of those PWM circuits. This is where this controller comes in. In all honesty, you really only need about 3 or 4 speeds for this fan. Low/Med/High would work in almost all cases, except that different fans at this speed exhibit noises that can only be eliminated if you turn them up or down ~50 RPMs. In essence your are tuning them. It would be too much work to try to tune a 3 speed controller.
I run my fan daily at about 900 RPMs. I turn it up to about 2000 while gaming and then I turn it to 6000 while benching. All of these are +/- 50-100 rpms. You just can't do that with switches. Well actually, you could... on a non PWM, but then you would deal with Undervolting which would also produce annoying noises.
I could have built a thermistor into this circuit, but PWM really was probably overkill for most computer users, and a thermistor controlled PWM would be definitely overkill. Essentially a thermistor is just a variable potentiomter, just like the 10 or 100k Poti used in this circuit. So one would just replace the Poti with the thermistor.... Problem solved. You just have to tune it/