It'd be possible, albiet a royal pain. Every one of those displays (they're almost always LED arrays, like on alarm clocks) were quite simplistic devices. Generally the display was wired up so that if the turbo signal from the mobo was low, it'd pass electricity into one bank of connectors (which would corrispond to the non-turbo readout on the screen), and in the presence of the turbo signal, switched the current over to another bank of display LEDs.
If you're lucky, just behind the display there'll be a bunch of jumpers that corrispond to the LED units that light up under either condition (I had a kick turning my 486 DX2 66MHz into 99MHz back in the day
. Making these light up in a series of numbers is possible with thermistor input, but that'd be quite difficult. If each digit is either a 7 or 8 unit LED display, you can use a 7490 and a 7448 IC (the 7490 will take pulses of electricity, count them, and send the data to the 7448, which will convert them to a 0-9 number on the LED display).
A simplier idea (which the above could be piggybacked on to) would be to use a calibrated thermistor bar graph readout: since transistors generally act as a switch when around 0.6VDC hits their base connector, by taking the +6VDC line from the power supply, passing it through a thermistor, and having a bank of something like 10 or 12 transistors which have varying resistance applied to their base connector to only allow them to trigger if X power came in, you could make designs on the display pretty easily corrisponding to fixed temperatures.
Example: +6VDC in to the thermistor, the thermistor (at let's say 30 deg c) cuts that down to 2VDC, and you have essentially an if-then-else bank of transistor+resistor combos - IE transistor 1 and 2 trigger at 2VDC, but transistor 3 doesn't trigger until 2.6VDC, thus LEDs hooked to tranny 1+2 light up.
I can post more detailed stuff about the latter setup if you'd like, otherwise good luck ^_^